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Black Knight – Mortgage Monitor

Black Knight – Mortgage Monitor:

tappable equity at
all-time high, but tax code changes could impact
homeowners’ utilization
– As of Q3 2017, approximately 42 million homeowners
with a mortgage have nearly $5.4 trillion in equity
available to borrow against, assuming a maximum 80%
total loan-to-value ratio
– Over 80% of all mortgage holders now have available
equity to tap via a first-lien cash-out refinance or
home equity line of credit (HELOC)
– Under the recently passed tax reform plan, interest
on HELOCs is no longer deductible, increasing the
post-tax expense of such products for those who itemize
– HELOCs have been an attractive option for borrowers
to utilize available equity without sacrificing low
first- lien interest rates; with interest on these
products no longer deductible, the value proposition
has changed
– In many cases, for borrowers with high unpaid
princ ipal balances (UPB), taking out low-dollar lines
of credit, the math still favors HELOCs
– However, for low-to-moderate UPB borrowers taking
out larger amounts of equity – assuming interest on
cash-out refinances remains deductible – the post-tax
math may now favor such products instead, even if it
results in a slight increase to first lien interest
rates

The Data & Analytics division of Black Knight, Inc.
released its latest Mortgage Monitor Report, based on
data as of the end of November 2017. This month, Black
Knight finds that tappable equity – the amount of
equity available for homeowners to borrow against
before reaching a maximum 80% total loan-to-value (LTV)
ratio – is at an all-time high. However, as Black
Knight Data & Analytics Executive Vice President Ben
Graboske explained, recent changes to the US tax code
may have implications for homeowners’ utilization of
that equity. “As of the end of Q3 2017, 42 million
homeowners with a mortgage now have an aggregate of
nearly $5.4 trillion in equity available to borrow
against,” said Graboske. “That is an all-time high, and
up more than $3 trillion since the bottom of the market
in 2012. Over 80% of all mortgage holders now have
available equity to tap, whether via first-lien
cash-out refinances or home equity lines of credit
(HELOCs). We’ve noted in the past that as interest
rates rise from historic lows, HELOCs represented an
increasingly attractive option for these homeowners to
access their available equity without relinquishing
interest rates below today’s prevailing rate on their
first-lien mortgages. However, with the recently passed
tax reform package, interest on these lines of credit
will no longer be deductible, which increases the
post-tax expense of HELOCs for those who itemize. While
there are obviously multiple factors to consider when
identifying which method of equity extraction makes
more financial sense for a given borrower, in many
cases, for those with high unpaid principal balances
who are taking out lower line amounts, the math still
favors HELOCs. However – assuming interest on cash-out
refina nces remains deductible – for low-to-moderate UPB
borrowers taking out larger amounts of equity, the
post-tax math for those who will still itemize under
the increased standard deduction may now favor cash-out
refinances instead, even if the result is a slight
increase to first-lien interest rates.

“As rates continue to rise and the cost associated with
increasing the rate on an entire first-lien balance
rises as well, the benefit pendulum will likely swing
back toward HELOCs. Even so, the change could certainly
impact HELOC lending volumes and loan amounts in the
coming months and years. To a certain degree, the same
question holds true for cash-out refinances, since tax
debt for homeowners who will no longer itemize becomes
generally more expensive without mortgage interest
deduction in the equation. These refinances will likely
be an attractive source of secured debt in the future,
but increased post-tax costs may have a negative impact
on originations. That said, it still remains to be seen
whether and to what extent tax costs will impact
borrower decisions in terms of either HELOCs or
cash-out refinances. At this point, only time will
tell.” The increase in equity, driven by rising home
prices, has also continued to shrink the population of
underwater borrowers who owe more on their mortgages
than their homes are worth. The number of underwater
borrowers declined by 800,000 over the first nine
months of 2017, a 37% decline in negative equity since
the start of the year. Only 2.7% of homeowners with a
mortgage (approximately 1.36 million borrowers) now owe
more than their home is worth, the lowest such rate
since 2006. Though still elevated from pre-recession
levels, the negative equity rate continues to
normalize. Even so, home prices in large portions of
the country remain below pre-recession peaks. While 36
states and 70% of Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs)
have now surpassed pre-recession home price peaks, 43
of the nation’s 100 largest markets still lag behind.

As was reported in Black Knight’s most recent First
Look news release, other key results include:
– Total US loan delinquency rate: 4.55%
– Month-over-month change in delinquency rate: 2.54%
– Total US foreclosure pre-sale inventory rate: 0.66%
– Month-over-month change in foreclosure pre-sale
inventory rate: -3.15%
– States with highest percentage of non-current loans:
MS, FL, LA, AL, WV
– States with lowest percentage of non-current loans:
MT, MN, OR, ND, CO
– States with highest percentage of seriously
delinquent loans: MS, FL, LA, TX, AL

Wall Street new year rally pauses as healthcare, bank
stocks weigh

The benchmark S&P 500 opened lower for the first time
in 2018 on Monday, as losses in healthcare and
financial stocks cut short Wall Street’s strongest
start to a year in a decade. The S&P and the Nasdaq
last week recorded its strongest first four trading
days in a year since 2006, and the Dow industrials
posted its best since 2003. “We had a strong market in
the past week, and what generally happens in the first
week sets the trend for the remainder of the year. Now
that it’s established, there could be some profit-
taking,” said Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at
First Standard Financial in New York. At 9:41 a.m. ET,
the S&P 500 was down 2.84 points, or 0.10%, at
2,740.31. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was down
31.55 points, or 0.12%, at 25,264.32, and the Nasdaq
Composite was down 4.19 points, or 0. 06%, at 7,132.37.
The Dow and the Nasdaq still eked out record highs
briefly after open. The dollar inched higher against a
basket of major peers with data showing that slower US
jobs growth did little to dent expectations for further
interest rate increases this year.

Capital Region totals exceed height of subprime crisis
A decade after the subprime mortgage crisis put
millions of Americans out of their homes, dozens of
houses are still falling into foreclosure each month in
the Capital Region. The trend continues despite a
much-improved economy, more-careful mortgage industry
practices and an infrastructure of support that has
been created for borrowers facing the loss of their
homes. “We have noticed that the number of foreclosures
have not gone back to pre-Great Recession levels,” said
James Flacke, executive director of Better
Neighborhoods Inc., a Schenectady nonprofit that
provides assistance to homeowners facing mortgage
foreclosure. Statistics compiled by ATTOM Data
Solutions show the following combined foreclosure
totals for Albany, Fulton, Montgomery, Saratoga,
Schenectady and Schoharie counties:
2006: 156
2007: 386
2008: 495
2009: 451
2010: 554
2011: 211
2012: 330
2013: 377
2014: 625
2015: 902
2016: 1,056
2017: 777
The 2017 total is for 11 months — December numbers were
not yet available. The other years count all 12 months.
And the totals are only mortgage foreclosures by
lenders — foreclosures by municipalities for nonpayment
of taxes are not included.

The head of another non-profit that offers housing
counseling, the Affordable Housing Partnership in
Albany, said the foreclosure rate never really slowed
after the subprime crisis. “The basic reasons are still
loss of income, primarily, or health reasons, or
divorce,” Executive Director Susan Cotner said. “The
big economic downturn crisis has passed but still
people struggle with their mortgages all the time.”
ATTOM found that New York had the 10th highest rate of
foreclosure among the 50 states as of September: one
foreclosure for every 1,671 housing units. ATTOM also
found that foreclosure activity of all types — default
notices, repossessions and auctions — in the third
quarter of 2017 was at its lowest level in 11 years
nationwide. The Capital Region apparently has not been
following the downward trend. There were 1,681 such
notices issued in the Capital Region from Nov. 21 to
Dec. 20, 1,500 one month earlier, and 1,528 two months
earlier. They had been averaging about 1,400 a month.

Oil approaches 2015 highs on fewer US rigs,

OPEC
Oil prices rose on Monday, coming close to new
three-year highs on a slight decline in the number of
US rigs drilling for new production and sustained OPEC
output cuts. US West Texas Intermediate crude futures
had risen to $61.94 a barrel by 1140 GMT, 50 cents
above their last settlement. WTI last week reached
$62.21, the highest since May 2015. Brent crude futures
were at $67.95 a barrel, 33 cents above their last
close. Brent hit $68.27 last week, the highest since
May 2015. Traders said the gains were due to a slight
decline in the number of US rigs drilling for new
production. The rig count eased by five in the week to
Jan. 5 to 742, according to data from oil services firm
Baker Hughes. Despite this, US production is expected
soon to rise above 10 million barrels per day, largely
thanks to soaring output from shale drillers. Only
Russia and Saudi Arabia produce more.

Trump expected to dilute Dodd-Frank in 2018

Analysts at Goldman Sachs think two issues will be the
subject of reform in 2018. “First, a few smaller issues
stand a good chance of enactment,” said the global
analytics team in an email to clients. “Among these are
health legislation that would incrementally stabilize
the ACA and banking legislation that would make
incremental changes to the Dodd-Frank Act. So, say
“Adios, Dodd-Frank,” Goldman says the president is
coming for you. Here’s the rest of the prediction:
“Second, Congress faces new fiscal deadlines. Spending
authority expires January 19 and the debt limit must be
raised by March. These deadlines could lead to
near-term uncertainty but are also likely to lead to
some additional fiscal stimulus. We expect spending
caps to be lifted and a third round of disaster relief
funding to be approved as part of the process.”

See you at the top!

Categories
Real Estate News

Remodeling market looking up

Published on: Feb 2, 2015 @ 10:21 am

According to a report released by the Harvard
University Joint Center for Housing Studies,

spending
in the US remodeling market will grow by 4% to 5% this
year to at least $330 billion, spanning work on both
owned homes and rentals. That’s a slower growth rate
than in previous years of the recovery, but it would be
enough to make 2015 the richest year for remodeling
spending of the past 15, surpassing the previous high
point of $324 billion in 2007.  The main reason: A
similar easing of home-price appreciation. The median
resale price of existing homes last month of $209,500
marked a 6% increase from a year earlier. In
comparison, the increase in 2013 was nearly 10%.
Homeowners are less likely to push ahead with an
ambitious, pricey renovation if their home equity
isn’t growing as rapidly anymore.  Another factor
sapping a bit of momentum from the robust remodeling
market is that homeowners don’t have as much
motivation now as they did in previous years to install
energy-efficient windows, doors and other features in
their house. Part of that is because federal tax
credits for such improvements have waned. An additional
influence is that energy costs, particularly for gas
for heating homes, have declined markedly in recent
months.  Meanwhile, the remodeling market has listed in
recent years toward bigger-ticket, discretionary jobs,
including kitchen and bathroom upgrades. The share of
overall remodeling spending attributable to such
discretionary projects accounted for 30% of remodeling
spending on owned homes in 2013, up by roughly a
percentage point from 2011, Mr. Baker said. He
anticipates that share will continue to grow this year,
though he hasn’t forecast a specific percentage.

WSJ – US consumer spending down 0.3% in December

US consumer spending fell in December, a sign of
caution among American households despite lower
gasoline prices and steady hiring.  Personal spending,
which measures outlays for everything from hardware to
healthcare, decreased a seasonally adjusted 0.3% from
the prior month, the Commerce Department said Monday,
the first such fall since last January. November
spending was revised down to a 0.5% gain from the
initially estimated 0.6% advance.  Personal income,
reflecting money collected from wages, investments and
government aid, increased 0.3%. Real disposable income,
which accounts for taxes and inflation, rose 0.5% in
December.  Economists surveyed by The Wall Street
Journal had forecast a 0.3% decline in household
outlays and a 0.2% rise in personal income.  Consumer
spending accounts for about 70% of economic activity in
the US and is a key driver of growth. Separate figures
out Friday indicated US households boosted spending by
the most in nearly nine years during the final three
months of 2014, a bright spot in an otherwise mixed
report showing gross domestic product advanced at a
2.6% pace in the fourth quarter.

CoreLogic – ability-to-leverage drives foreclosure
risk

Leverage is known to play an important role in loan
default, but while theoretical research on leverage
exists; to our knowledge there has been virtually no
long-term data driven empirical analysis on the impact
of leverage on residential foreclosure. We assembled
data from various sources to fill that void and examine
the role leverage plays in mortgage foreclosures over
the last five decades. This is an especially timely
topic given that policy makers have recently attempted
to thaw the tight lending environment by reducing the
price and expanding the quantity of low down payment
real estate credit.  CoreLogic research highlights four
key findings. First, while homeownership rates today
are the same level as five decades ago, foreclosure
risk is two to three times higher. Second, the primary
driver of default risk over this period has been
leverage. Leverage has played such a strong role that
has rendered changes in income and savings as
insignificant drivers of default from a long-term macro
perspective. Third, the stabilization in foreclosure
rates in the 1970s and 1980s was driven by high
inflation rates, which propelled nominal home prices
and reduced aggregate LTV, thus lowering default risk
– a reminder of real estate’s role as a hedge
against inflation. Fourth, the centerpiece of
government regulations to help make the mortgage market
safer for consumers was an income based ability-to-pay
rule manages delinquency risk, but is less aimed at the
market’s foreclosure risk. Therefore, leverage as the
most important driver of foreclosure performance over
the last five decades remains unaddressed for the
market. In the future, policy makers may need to
consider exploring their ability to manage the leverage
cycle to promote residential financial stability.

The Longview of Homeownership, Leverage and
Foreclosures

In the 1930s, the creation of Federal Housing
Administration (FHA) and Fannie Mae dramatically
expanded access to mortgage credit. As a result, the US
homeownership rates significantly increased from 44% in
1940 to 62% by 1960. Between the early 1960s and early
1990s homeownership rates stabilized in a narrow range
between 62% and 65%. In the mid-1990s pro-homeownership
policies led to an expansion in mortgage credit and the
homeownership rate peaked in 2004 at 69%. Since then
homeownership rates declined through the recession and
stood at 64% as of Q4 2014. While the homeownership
rate today is similar to the early 1960s, foreclosure
rates have significantly increased. Between 1960 and
1965 the conventional foreclosure rate averaged 0.6%
and the FHA foreclosure rate averaged 1.4%. In 2014,
the conventional foreclosure rate was 1.5% and the FHA
foreclosure rate was 2.6%. Despite the fact that
homeownership was the same last year as for the early
1960s, conventional foreclosure rates were about 2.5
times higher and FHA foreclosure rates were nearly two
times higher. These much higher foreclosure rates are
not a function of the fact that the market is still
healing from the Great Recession because even as of
2004, well before foreclosure rates spiked, the level
of risk for both conventional and FHA mortgage was
three times higher than during the 1960s.

The Role of Leverage in Default Risk

Given that homeownership rates today are at similar
levels as the early 1960s, what has driven the higher
foreclosure rates? To better understand the drivers of
the higher foreclosure rates, we modeled foreclosure
rates as a function of savings, unemployment,
inflation, aggregate current LTV for all mortgage loans
outstanding and real median household income. The model
revealed only two primary factors and one very
secondary factor that noticeably influenced foreclosure
rates. The LTV ratio and unemployment rate stood out as
the most important variables, with the LTV ratio by far
being the most important variable.  The model’s
findings are consistent with the dual trigger theory of
foreclosures that lack of equity and economic shocks
(typically unemployment) that tip a household into
foreclosure. When homeowners have insufficient equity
and their LTV is above 100%, they become vulnerable to
adverse economic shocks. For example, if a borrower
loses their job and have insufficient income to pay the
mortgage, they will typically try to sell their home.
However, if the value of the property is below the
current unpaid principal balance, they will be unable
to sell the home and pay back their mortgage, which may
tip them into foreclosure.  The model’s finding is
also consistent with emerging theoretical literature
over the last decade that indicates leverage cycles are
an underappreciated driver of default. Mortgage
leverage increased in the early 1950s as down payment
requirements fell, which helped drive homeownership
higher, but also drove foreclosure rates higher.
Between the early-to-mid 1960s and mid-1980s, leverage
stabilized, which led to stable foreclosure rates. The
stabilization in leverage occurred because high
inflation rates led to rapid increases in nominal home
values, otherwise leverage would have continued to
increase. Moreover, the rise in inflation caused an
increase in nominal incomes which made the pre-existing
fixed monthly mortgage payment easier to meet.

Leverage Drives Foreclosure Rates

During the early to mid-1990s, leverage began to
increase again due to the emphasis to support
homeownership via lower down payment lending. During
the early 2000s, leverage rose even faster due to cash
out refinances and home equity lending which rapidly
increased. When home prices crashed, leverage spiked
and along with the increase in unemployment rates
caused foreclosures to soar. Over the past four years
that process reversed and leverage has declined. Since
the trough in home prices in March 2011, prices have
increased 29% through November 2014, which reduced
aggregate LTV from 61% in 2011 to 46% in 2014.  To
illustrate the impact of the home price recovery on
foreclosure rates, the model was used to break down how
much of the recent decline was due to price increases
versus all other variables combined. Between 2011 and
2014, foreclosure rates fell by 1.5 percentage points
and the rise in prices has accounted for 1.4 percentage
points of the decline. In other words, 91% of the drop
in the foreclosure rate is due to the drop in leverage
via higher home prices. Unemployment and the remaining
variables accounted for the small remaining portion of
the decline.

Conclusion and Policy Implication

CoreLogic findings illustrate how important leverage
has been both historically and in today’s recovery.
While leverage is the dominant driver of foreclosure
trends, the unemployment rate captures the impact of
short-term economic cyclical fluctuations. A less
important but still influential factor has been periods
of accelerating inflation, which ease the burden of the
monthly mortgage payment and masked the rise in
leverage via higher nominal home prices. Interestingly,
the savings rate and household income were not at all
important, which was a surprise given that traditional
underwriting focuses on affordability. Over the next
year the continuing improvement in prices should help
further reduce leverage, but the renewed emphasis on
low down payment lending may in the future beyond 2015
lead to an increase in leverage.  While the Federal
Reserve utilized traditional monetary policy and
unconventional tools to guide the economy through the
recession and the recovery, one lever that is not
utilized in federal regulatory policy is a leverage
target, which has been used by over 20 countries with
success. The Qualified Mortgage (QM) rule focused on
the borrower’s ability to repay and it will lead to
better performing mortgages; however the QM lacked a
leverage standard. While the QM rule will help improve
mortgage performance, it is aimed squarely at
delinquency risk and less at foreclosure risk. That
means that the most important driver of mortgage
performance over the last five decades has remained
unaddressed for the market and will likely need to be
addressed in the future.

US factory activity falls to lowest level in 12 months

US factory activity continued to decelerate in January,
registering its slowest growth in a year, according to
a survey released Monday by the Institute for Supply
Management.  The ISM’s manufacturing purchasing
managers index fell to a seasonally adjusted 53.5 in
January from 55.1 in December. Fourteen of the 18
industries in the survey reported growth, but
January’s reading was the index’s lowest reading
since January 2014.  Economists surveyed by The Wall
Street Journal had expected the PMI would slow to 54.3.
A reading over 50 indicates expansion, while a reading
below 50 signals contraction.  “The tone of this
report was disappointing, as it points to some further
leakage in growth momentum after the surge late last
year and it is an indication that the economy may be
off to a slow start this quarter,” TD Securities
economist Millan Mulraine said in a note to clients.
The ISM’s gauge slowed in the final months of 2014,
from 57.9 in October to 57.6 in November and 55.1 in
December. Still, the index has remained at or above 50
continuously since December 2012.  In January, the
index’s decline was broad based. The new-orders index
was 52.9 compared with 57.8 in December. The production
index was 56.5 versus 57.7 in December. The employment
index was 54.1 in January compared with 56.0 in
December. The prices index was 35 last month, compared
with 38.5 in December. The exports index was 49.5 in
January compared with 52.0 in December.

Pinto: we’re building toward another mortgage
meltdown

Ed Pinto, one of the smartest minds looking at housing,
and the resident fellow and co-director of the American
Enterprise Institute’s International Center on Housing
Risk, writes in the Wall Street Journal that the White
House is steering housing back into the dangerous
waters it’s just coming out of.  The Obama
administration’s troubling flirtation with another
mortgage meltdown took an unsettling turn on Tuesday
with Federal Housing Finance Agency Director Mel
Watt’s testimony before the House Financial Services
Committee.  Mr. Watt told the committee that, having
received “feedback from stakeholders,” he expects
to release by the end of March new guidance on the
“guarantee fee” charged by Fannie Mae and Freddie
Mac to cover the credit risk on loans the federal
mortgage agencies guarantee.  Here we go again. In the
Obama administration, new guidance on housing policy
invariably means lowering standards to get mortgages
into the hands of people who may not be able to afford
them.  Earlier this month, President Obama announced
that the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) will
begin lowering annual mortgage-insurance premiums “to
make mortgages more affordable and accessible.” While
that sounds good in the abstract, the decision is a bad
one with serious consequences for the housing market.